Date of Award

Summer 8-5-2026

Document Type

Thesis

Degree Name

Master of Science (MS)

Department/Program

Forensic Science

Language

English

First Advisor or Mentor

Peter Diaczuk

Second Reader

Jack Hietpas

Third Advisor

Andrew Winter

Abstract

Privately made firearms (PMFs), often referred to as “ghost guns,” are firearms manufactured or assembled by individuals rather than federally licensed manufacturers. Although the terms are frequently used interchangeably, “ghost gun” more specifically describes an unserialized firearm, whereas PMFs include a broader range of firearms produced through nontraditional manufacturing methods. PMFs may be entirely 3-D printed, assembled from partially completed firearm kits, or constructed by integrating additively manufactured components with commercially manufactured firearm parts. The increasing accessibility of additive manufacturing and widespread dissemination of computer-aided design files have raised concerns about concealment, regulation, and forensic evasion, particularly when factory-manufactured components are replaced with 3-D printed parts.

This study evaluated whether a 3-D printed firearm barrel retrofitted onto a commercially manufactured firearm could produce a lethal projectile. A commercially available Makerbot Replicator+ printer was used to produce a replica side-by-side barrel for a Derringer Cobray Model DD originally chambered in .38 Special/.357 Magnum. The printed barrel was modified to accommodate a smaller .25 ACP cartridge, allowing additional plastic material to support barrel integrity, and was printed using Tough polylactic acid filament. Test firing showed that the 3-D printed barrel lacked sufficient strength to survive repeated firing and did not produce projectile penetration in ballistic gelatin consistent with lethal injury. Poor accuracy was attributed to the absence of functional rifling and spin stabilization, while limited penetration was attributed to barrel failure before sufficient pressure developed to propel the bullet effectively.

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