Introduction to Sociology: The Family

Dr. Marcia Morrison Ph.D., CUNY Queensborough Community College

Abstract

Abstract

This paper explores the complex interplay between sex and gender, focusing on how societal structures, historical contexts, and cultural norms shape gender roles and expectations. Drawing on the works of influential theorists such as Margaret Mead and researchers like Maccoby and Jacklin, the discussion distinguishes between biological sex differences and socially constructed gender distinctions. The analysis highlights the pervasive influence of gender socialization through agents such as family, peers, educational institutions, and media, which collectively reinforce stereotypes and stratify opportunities for individuals. The evolution of gender stratification is traced from the post-World War II era to the present, documenting progress and persistent challenges in the workplace and political spheres. Issues such as occupational segregation, wage disparities, and the underrepresentation of women in leadership roles are examined alongside the historical legacy of patriarchal systems. The paper emphasizes the ongoing need for awareness, policy change, and the dismantling of entrenched biases to promote gender equality and inclusivity in contemporary society.