Introduction to Sociology: Deviance and Crime

Authors

Dr. Marcia Morrison Ph.D., CUNY Queensborough Community CollegeFollow

Document Type

Textbook

Publication Date

Summer 7-7-2025

Abstract

Abstract

This paper explores the multifaceted concepts of deviance and crime by synthesizing major theoretical perspectives and contemporary research findings. Beginning with the fluid and culturally contingent nature of deviance, the discussion highlights how social norms, historical context, and power structures define what is considered deviant behavior. It examines the influence of economic elites on moral and legal standards, drawing on Marxist analyses, and considers the impact of societal labeling on personal identity through Lemert’s labeling theory.

The paper then delves into biological foundations of criminality, reviewing Lombroso’s atavism theory and modern research on genetic predispositions, including twin, adoption, and XYY chromosomal studies. It emphasizes the interplay between genetic factors and environmental influences in shaping criminal behavior.

Key sociological theories are also featured, notably Sutherland’s differential association theory, which posits that criminal behavior is learned through intimate social interactions, and Hirschi’s social control theory, which stresses the importance of attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief in preventing deviance.

The review underscores that deviance and crime are not merely individual traits but products of complex interactions between biology, socialization, environment, and societal power. It calls for holistic approaches in understanding and addressing deviance and crime, integrating biological, psychological, and sociological perspectives.

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.