The illusion of rigor: Why analytical sophistication cannot substitute for inferential coherence

Authors

• Aamir Rashid, Department of Business and Economics, School of Business and Information Systems, York College, City University of New York, NY Jamaica, USAFollow
• Rizwana Rasheed, Department of Management, Lucille and Jay Chazanoff School of Business, College of Staten Island, City University of New York, NY Staten Island, USA and Department of Business Administration, Iqra University, Karachi, Pakistan

Document Type

Article

Publication Date

Spring 2026

Abstract

Despite sustained advances in analytical sophistication, research across various disciplines continues to exhibit fragile inference, limited theoretical accumulation, and persistent disagreement over core claims. This paper argues that these problems reflect a deeper and largely untheorized condition: the illusion of rigor. We define this condition as the substitution of analytical complexity for inferential coherence, referring to the alignment between theoretical ambition, research design capacity, and the scope of claims advanced. Developing inferential coherence as a foundational theoretical construct, we show how inferential incoherence is systematically produced through four structural mechanisms: inferential load inflation, design substitution, analytical compensation, and rhetorical closure. We integrate these mechanisms into a comprehensive diagnostic framework and an inferential architecture that explains why analytically sophisticated studies may nonetheless yield distorted, non-cumulative theories. By reframing rigor as an inferential achievement rather than a technical performance, this paper offers a unifying evaluative lens for theory-driven empirical research.